Early Christian, Jewish, and Byzantine Art

Early Christian art spans from the first to fifth centuries followed by the vast era of Byzantine art from the fifth century to the 16th century in Eastern Europe. Much of the art during this period had a religious context or enacted a religious purpose. The paintings and mosaics were meant to remind worshippers of their God, and the architecture was meant to serve both functional and aesthetic purposes. When Constantine I issued the Edict of Milan in 313 and moved the center of the Roman’s empire from Rome to Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire and Constantinople became the center of power and culture. The architecture of the Christian era came in two forms: the basilica and central plans. The basilica plan typically contains a large nave, an apse and an atrium on either end, clerestory windows, and two side aisles along the nave. This plan is found in The Church of Santa Sabina. The central plan, or tholos, served as tombs, martyrs’ churches, or baptisteries. These plans typically contain either a sarcophagus or altar at the center and most often have a large dome on top. This plan is found in the Church of Santa Costanza and the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, which employs the cruciform, or cross-shaped, style. Mosaics during the Christian era sometimes used syncretic images such as in Harvesting of Grapes in the ambulatory of the Church of Santa Costanza. The architecture of Byzantine art is characterized much by the Church of Hagia Sophia, or â€Å"Holy Wisdom. † This church combines the two floor plans of the Christian period, basilica and central. It has pendentives to hold its massive dome, flowing layers of half domes along its exterior wall, and many windows to let the gold on the mosaics shimmer. The Church of San Vitale is designed in a central plan but is interesting in that it has a very modest, unassuming exterior, but a complex, mosaic-covered interior. Two mosaics depicting Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora represent how artists employed reverse perspective. The Transifguration of Christ as St. Catherine’s Monastery in Sinai depicts Christ in a blue mandorla which represents royalty and glory. The mosaics in later centuries depict Christ in a Pantokrator fashion: a bust level portrait of Christ with book in one hand and â€Å"peace† in other. This Late Byzantine art also depicts Christ in new ways, such as the Crucifixion and together with Mary in Virgin of Vladmir.

Bell Hook’s “Keeping Close to Home: Class and Education” Essay

In â€Å"Keeping Close to Home: Class and education†, a chapter excerpted from Talking back (1989) by Bell Hook’s, suggests that moving on with life by attending college influences individuals to hide or change the values they were raised with. She argues that people should never forget there family background or their past just because they change environments. From her perceptions of some of the students at Stanford, she also states that even the â€Å"lower class† people have beliefs and values too and that it has nothing to do with what social class a person is classified as. Hooks aims her beliefs towards the lower working class people. Because hooks feels strongly about her belief, she argues that a university should help students maintain the connection with their values, so that people of different communities will feel neither inferior nor superior to others but equal. Hooks demonstrates her knowledge of values by relating her experience at Stanford where she met many privileged whites who had values that contradicted her own. For example, many of the white students appeared to lack respect for their parents. However, hook’s parents always taught her to show them respect. Hooks even says in her essay, â€Å"I was profoundly shocked and disturbed when peers would talk about their parents without respect, or would even say that they hated their parents† (Hooks, page 51). Also, everyone looked down upon the working-class when that was the class from which she came. Hooks states, â€Å"I talked to no one about the sources of my shame, how it hurt me to witness the contempt shown the brown-skinned, Filipina maids who cleaned our rooms† (Hooks, page 50). Hooks felt hurt because her dad was a janitor. That was why it was so hard for her to look down on the working-class. Because Stanford even accepted her into their institution, hooks felt as though she needed to act privileged. When she refused, the university and its students considered her rebellious; however, if she had not refused, she would have been ignoring and forgetting the values that she had learned from her parents. The way Hooks pulls in her readers is by inspiring the audience and appealing to its emotions and values, hooks relates an example of the hard times in her relationship with her parents before she went to Stanford. In the example, she describes how her parents were reluctant to allow her to go  because they felt that a closer college also had a good education to offer. Hooks also expresses how she became upset with her parents and how her mama felt as though bell hooks lacked appreciation for her. Hook’s mama says to her, â€Å"Your childhood could not have been that bad. You were fed and clothed. You did not have to do without – that’s more than a lot of folks have and I just can’t stand the way y’all go on† (Hooks, page 48). Later, when bell hooks attends Stanford and notices how students constantly feel anger and resentment towards their parents, she remembers that her parents raised her to show them respect. â€Å"While I often needed more money, I never needed a new set of beliefs and values† (Hooks, page 51). Then, she realizes how important it was to maintain the connection with her values instead of replacing them with others’ values. Hooks definitely expresses her professional views throughout the essay. Her views are obviously professional because she is a college graduate and has a good education background. However, when she relies heavily on her views based on her experience at Stanford, she presents her views as being convincing by showing her understanding of pressure and values from that experience. Her experience establishes common ground with the audience and proves that she is familiar about the pressures at a university. Hooks develops common ground with those in the audience who might be or have been in a university. Because people generally trust those who appear to know their topic very well, she effectively appeals to her audience. Bell Hook’s proves to her readers the true importance of family values and their background throughout her writing. â€Å"Communication between black folks from various experiences of material privilege was much easier when we were all in segregated communities sharing common experiences in relation to social institutions. Without this grounding, we must work to maintain ties, connection† (hooks, page 58). As hooks hints, maintaining ties may not be easy, but it is definitely possible. Hooks establishes common ground with people who have these questions, and she gives the answer in her experience of hard work. Having worked hard on handling harsh criticism and pressure without losing ties with her background, bell hooks remained strong and represented her family values that she was raised with, through her actions.

A Sentinel Event Related To Nurse Fatigue Nursing Essay

A Sentinel Event Related To Nurse Fatigue Nursing Essay 12 hour shifts, extended work periods, voluntary and mandatory overtime, and excessive workloads are all factors that dangerously contribute to nurse fatigue, which has led to a number of medication errors and sentinel events (Rogers, Hwang, Scott, Aiken, & Dinges, 2004). In the 2004 study by Rogers, Hwang, Scott, Aiken, & Dinges, it was found that the longer the shift, the risks for errors increases. Also, when working longer than 17 hours without sleep, nurse fatigue has been shown to demonstrate the equivalence of being under the influence with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05% (Garrett, 2008). The effects of fatigue on nurses includes problems such as: compromised problem-solving skills, decreased attention span, delayed reaction time, memory lapses, impaired communication, and inability to focus, which are all important for nurses to be aware of in order to provide quality and safe patient care (Warren & Tart, 2008). The evidences and dangers of nurse fatigue linked to adv erse events from the long work hours and cumulative days of extended work hours has been greatly recognized by The Joint Commission (TJC) issuing a sentinel event alert on December 14, 2011, regarding health care worker fatigue and patient safety (The Joint Commission, 2011). So, I will be discussing the following in the paper that includes: explanation of reviewable sentinel events, a specific sentinel event related to nurse fatigue, and its root cause analysis. Explanation of Reviewable Sentinel Events As defined by TJC, a sentinel event is an unexpected occurrence involving either death, serious physical or psychological harm, or the risk thereof that prompts the need for immediate investigation and response (Sentinel Events Policy and Procedures, 2012). But, for a sentinel event to be considered reviewable, it must meet any of the following criteria: the event resulting in an unanticipated death, coma, permanent loss of function, unrelated to the natural course of the patientâ⠂¬â„¢s illness or underlying condition, or the event is one of the following, but not limited to: suicide within 72 hours of being discharged from a 24 hour care setting rape, sexual abuse/assault elopement abduction (Sentinel Events Policy and Procedures, 2012). A Specific Sentinel Event Related to Nurse Fatigue On July 5, 2006, Jasmine Gant, a pregnant 16 year old high school student, arrived with her mother at St. Mary’s Hospital in Madison, Wisconsin at 9:30 A.M. for her scheduled induction (Smetzer, Baker, Byrne, & Cohen, 2010). The Labor and Delivery (L&D) nurse assigned to care for Ms. Gant that day was Julie Thao, 41 years old. Mrs. Thao had been working at St. Mary’s Hospital since 1993, and worked in the L&D department for 15 years. The day before July 5, 2006, Mrs. Thao had voluntarily worked a double shift for a total of 16 hours or more to cover for the unit’s short staff. Mrs. Thao was extremely fatigued by the end of her shift that ended at midnig ht. She spent the night at the hospital to avoid her hour long commute home and because she was due for her next shift at 7 A.M. So on the morning of July, 5, 2006, the very fatigued nurse Mrs. Thao started her shift caring for one expectant mother. When Ms. Gant presented at the L&D unit later that morning, Mrs. Thao spent time with her and her mother completing the admission process that is done with every admitting patient. However, Mrs. Thao did not apply a bar-coded identification band to Ms. Gant’s arm at this time (Smetzer, Baker, Byrne, & Cohen, 2010). When discussing pain management, Ms. Gant expressed the possibility of wanting to use epidural, which Mrs. Thao would relay the message to the obstetrician.

Personal savings and insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal savings and insurance - Essay Example me of the actions that necessitate precautionary savings include business risk, health risk, risk of labour income change, unavoidable expenditures, children’s educations, and savings for retirement (Carroll and Kimball, 2001). Life-cycle motive involves anticipation of the disparity between expenditure and income. This theory provides that consumers save a proportion of their income so they can have something to turn to in their elderly ages, when they are not able to raise income. In this view, individuals are chiefly motivated to save so they can accumulate for their retirement (Modigliani and Brumberg,1954). Some consumers are motivated to save so they may enjoy interests or dividends that those savings may attract in the future. The group of people who save to enjoy interest, therefore, prefers saving where their savings can grow, such as in the stock exchange and banks. Independence motive is whereby consumers save so they can use their savings as a source of power to do their thing independently. They believe that their savings is fully theirs and hence they will not ask for approval from anybody when deciding what to do with it. Furthermore, consumers are motivated by the fact that, when they have savings, they will not borrow from anybody or ask help from anybody each time they want money for consumption or investment. Enterprise motive is whereby the savings give investors freedom to spend the funds if and when necessary. As such, consumers find saving money as a way of empowering them economically since they can have capital to invest in viable projects whenever the need arises. Bequest motive is whereby savers put aside money so they can have adequate to inherit to their heirs. The reason for this motive is to safeguard the welfare of their beneficiaries when the savers pass on. This motive, therefore, goes beyond personal interest as individuals think of how those who are close to them live after they dies. A good example is where a parent

The Hemingway Hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hemingway Hero - Essay Example In words, the Hemingway heroes are "courageous, confident and introspective", and "he does not let his fears get to him (http://engliterarium.blogspot.com) "Although Ernest Hemingway's heroes have different names they are fundamentally the same person, drawing from the same traumatizing experiences. However emotionally disturbed, Hemingway's heroes always seem to have some hope guiding them into the future. Their characteristics are all very similar, and the characters often seem to blend seamlessly into each other" (http://www.directessays.com). Another way of describing the Hemingway hero is someone who has grace under pressure. The Hemingway heroes are described as "code heroes". "Hemingway defined the Code Hero as 'a man who lives correctly, following the ideals of honor, courage and endurance in a world that is sometimes chaotic, often stressful, and always painful.' He measures himself by how well he handle the difficult situations that life throws at him. In the end the Code Hero will lose because we are all mortal, but the true measure is how a person faces death. He believes in "Nada," a Spanish word meaning nothing. Along with this, there is no after life" (http://engliterarium.blogspot.com). In "A Days Wait", the hero is not the boy but his father. The story is very simple. It was about a boy and his dad, an encounter when the boy is sick and the father was taking care of his some. The father was typical of a Hemingway hero, similar to Nick, the hero in the story, "Father and Son". Although the boy reflects worries and anxieties, the father was the opposite. Amidst the emotional pressure of taking care of a sick loved one, the father remained calmed, that's why he was also able to calm down the boy thus removing his fears. This is a show of "grace under pressure" a characteristic of a Hemingway hero In the story "In Another Country", the hero is the narrator. He is living the ordinary life of a man who has wounded leg caused by the war. The character is similar to what we have described above as a Hemingway hero - guided by hope in the future and at the same time he believes in the "nada" concept, meaning there is no after life. The man showed hope through his sickness, hopeful that he is going to get well and recover even he is in a foreign country, but the loss of his wife to death will never be recovered again. This painful reality reflects a depressing scenario on the life of a person and this is typical of a Hemingway hero. As stated above, the hero has a traumatizing experience. In the Story "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place", we witness an old man who is enveloped by darkness as signified by his blindness and his desire to be in the cafe. The young waiter could not relate to him as the former is happy with his life, especially having a wife. But the old man was depressed and finds respite in drinking. This story hero is so much reflective of a Hemingway hero who is suffering emotionally so that he even tried to commit suicide. Although, this is of course a revelation of Hemingway's later suicide decision, still the character was fighting and struggling for a well-lighted place. He still refused to succumb to darkness. Ironically, Harry is the one that resembles the character of a non-hero. "Where most of Hemingway's stories feature protagonists who speak little and reflect nothing at all about their motivations and

It has been written below in the assignment criteria Essay

It has been written below in the assignment criteria - Essay Example under Part II of the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 (the Act1) and Section 13 the service will be carried out with reasonable care and skill where it is done in the course of business as in the current scenario. Therefore failure to do so entitles Adam to make a claim for breach of contract and damages or alternatively under the law of negligence2which is what Burt Co is purporting to exclude and limit under its terms of business. The factual scenario indicates that both Adam Co and Burt Co had a regular course of dealings in respect of the Burt Co’s provision of car valet services, which were ostensibly contracted into on Burt Co’s standard terms of business. The issue in contention is whether the contract was for the Deluxe Service and if not, whether the exemption clause was incorporated into the contract. Whilst there is nothing to indicate that Adam Co expressly accepted and signed Burt Co’s standard terms and conditions, it is evident that the process of handing Adam Co Burt Co’s standard terms of business happened approximately eight to nine times within a twelve month period, which will render it difficult for Adam Co to argue that the terms and conditions do not cover the terms and conditions due to the regular course of dealings between the parties3. This in turn is crucial to the enforceability of the exclusion clause4. With regard to the current scenario, the most applicable scenario will be incorporation of terms based on previous dealings between the parties. For example, in the case of J Spurling Limited v Bradshaw,6 in circumstances analogous to the current scenario, Bradshaw had received the document with the exemption clause on previous dealings with the defendant on numerous occasions and the Court of Appeal concluded that â€Å"by the course of business and conduct of the parties the clause was part of the contract†7. In the Bradshaw case the clause had been incorporated notwithstanding the late arrival of the document

Variable Air Volume (VAV) System to achieve better Indoor Dissertation

Variable Air Volume (VAV) System to achieve better Indoor Environmental Quality for a commercial Building & energy saving - Dissertation Example The main reason for these functions like heating, ventilation, cooling, and air-conditioning is to make occupants of rooms comfortable (Awbi, 2003). VAV system is one of the HVAC applications and its main purpose is to reduce energy cost as well as maintenance cost. The use of VAV process contains two main components and the components are the room and the VAV damper. The main VAV air handling system is the embedded HVAC system which most of the times are invisible. It is this system that is responsible for delivery of conditioned air to the whole building or structure. The use of this type of system has two merits and the merits are based on the constant volume that is found within the system. This system has the fan control capacity unlike other systems like CAV and the fan control capacity enhances reduction of the used amount of energy. CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION Variable Air Volume also commonly known as (VAV) system is a kind of ventilation, heating, and air-conditioning devi ces that use a supply duct of fresh air and gives out hot or cool air as the supply air. The air which is being supplied to this device most of the time has constant temperature and therefore, the resultant airflow always varies for the achievement of the fall and rise of the losses or gains characterized with thermal zone. Most of the VAV systems have two primary merits and the merits are due to the constant volume within the system. The system has a fan control capacity which is capable of reducing the amount of energy consumed through the fan. This energy which is used by the fans forms the total energy cooling requirements which are beneficial to the building (Etheridge & Sandberg, 1996). The Variable Air Volume system has a lot of dehumidification compared to the constant volume system because the constant volume system is capable of modulating the temperature of the discharge air. The attainment of the temperature for the discharged air constitutes the cooling load of the whol e system. Within this system the blowing rate for the air is greatly varied and in the case of Variable Air Volume with a single handler for air, the serving for various multiple zones can be achieved. The flow rate associated with each multiple zone when only one handler is operational is always varied. The Variable Air system has a terminal unit and this terminal unit acts as a VAV box which controls the air flow rate for the different zones. This box operates automatically with the help of the actuator. There is a direct connection between the central or local control systems with the VAV box and the control system at times is pneumatically controlled. The use of Variable Air Volume (VAV) for many years has been able to provide quality indoor air thereby improving the quality of the surrounding environment. The quality of the surrounding air greatly affects the general environmental quality and therefore, the use of this system has been preferred in many buildings that belong to private individuals as well as companies. A lot of health benefits are attributed to indoor air quality since low quality air contains microbes that are capable of affecting the occupants of the buildings (Chadderton, 2004). A lot of prevalence has been given to the VAV system compared to CV system and this prevalence is

Ismg 2050 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ismg 2050 - Assignment Example For instance, I selected all the fields from the three tables. Then, I went ahead and put down California under the criteria section. As for the second query, I choose the VC data table as my preferred choice of data for my query. By following the same procedure as in query 1, I choose the query design from the create query menu. Then I went ahead and choose the violent robbery field from the table. I also choose the city table where I put down the states of Ohio and California on the criteria section. This enabled the query to only look for data in these two states only. Finally, I selected the totals from a design query, which allowed me to select which option I would like to compute. This included the sum, standard deviation, maximum and minimum totals under the group by drop down menu. For the third query, I used the city and property crime data tables. I selected the create query that set up a query design process. I then linked the two tables together and proceeded on selecting all the fields from the property crime table and the cities from the city data table. However, under the cities I put down the letters R and S for the criteria and or rows on the query. This then brought the desired results. Finally, in the fourth query I incorporated all the tables provided to come up with the results. First, I selected the design query from create menu and selected all the tables. I then proceeded in selecting all the required fields. In choose the city, the state, the property crime and violent crime

Christians response towards the issue of Abortion Essay

Christians response towards the issue of Abortion - Essay Example Nevertheless, for one to obtain a Biblical or Christianity view about abortion he or she must rake off the muck that obscures the major questions concerning abortion and pay closer attention towards the Christian’s collective view about abortion (Ren, 2011). This paper will seek to give a solid argument on the Christians’ response towards the abortion issue. At first glance, the views of Christians towards the issue of abortion can seem to be difficult and complicating mainly to those who happen to be relatively unfamiliar with the responsive or relevant scriptures (StÃŒ ²tÃŒ ²iÌ„phan, 2007). This may result from a broad variety of voices, which claim to represent the opinion of the Christians within this controversial issue. As every voice struggle for attention, people continue to ask themselves which voice truly represents Christians view on the issue of abortion (Ren, 2011). Profoundly, I believe that most Christians, on one end, who speak out their voices concerning abortion strongly, oppose this practice. On the other end, there are those who claim that the choice to carry out an abortion should remain a woman’s choice. Both of these groups claim that they both provide the correct approach (Röskamp, 2010). ?skamp, 2010). Contemporary Christians appear divided and even different denominations and churches cannot seem to agree on this matter given that a number of denominations take a strictly different stance on the matter. The largest portion of Christians maintains that when a woman aborts, her action is tantamount to murder. However, there are those denominations which point out that the choice to abort should be in hands of a woman and she can go a head to abort if she so chooses (Ro?skamp, 2010). Pertinently, this heated debate regarding whether to abort or not is getting women more confused. In my view, I find abortion being similar to murder and as such, Christians should take a positive stance and make it clear that no woman should resolve to practice abortion. The Bible says that people should not kill one another. According to Christians’ view, abortion is just murdering an unborn child (St?t?i?phan, 2007). That is the reason you find that Christians strongly oppose the practice of abortion, as is equivalent to killing. For those Christians who believe that life begins at the time of conception, the topic of abortion is not up for discussion mainly because their response towards this practice is always strong in opposition (St?t?i?phan, 2007). Christians’ views towards abortion indicate that terminating a pregnancy is the same as ending a life and since Bible strongly opposes murder, most Christians do not support abortion practices. Nevertheless, there are those Christians from certain denominations who have been involved in a series of activism seeking to either legalize abortion or have the choice to abort remain in the hands of a woman (Ro?skamp, 2010). For instance, The United Church of Christ (UCC) started supporting legalization of abortion practices since the year 1971. Christians from this church in addition to others strongly opposed the President Clinton’s Ban Act of 1996 where they called upon other Christians to support their move. They publicly declared that women have a right to choose whether to abort or not and therefore, abortion should be included in any country’

High School and Public School Enrollment Essay Example for Free

High School and Public School Enrollment Essay In the essay â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal,† the author Jonathan Kozol criticizes the educational system practiced in the urban areas of the United States and where he writes about his beliefs that minorities are being placed in poor conditions while the Caucasian majority is obtaining funding for the schools that the majority of them attend. He supports his personal viewpoints, with statistics which he himself gathered from different schools around the U.S. Kozol starts out his essay with logic to prove that the school systems of today are separate and unequal by using demographics from public schools from the larger cities in the country; for example, â€Å"In Chicago, by the academic year 2002-2003, 87% of public school enrollment was black or Hispanic; less than 10% of children in the schools were white. In Washington D.C., 94 % of children were black or Hispanic; less than 5% were white (220).† He emphasizes on these statistics to prove his point that schools are still segregated. Later in the essay the author then mentions in his essay that the word â€Å"diversity†, â€Å"cease to have real meaning; or, rather, they mean the opposite of what they say(223).† Kozol mentions that when he â€Å"visited in the fall of 2004 in Kansas City, Missouri, for example, a document distributed to visitors reports that the school’s curriculum ‘addresses the needs of children from diverse backgrounds.’† He goes on explaining that when he went â€Å"from class to class, [he] did not encounter any children who were white or Asian—or Hispanic (223).† He then makes the reader connect emotionally by writing comments that high school students and third graders from segregated neighborhoods and public schools made about their different situations in their school. For example, he quotes a letter that an eight-year-old girl wrote to him saying, â€Å"We do not have the things you have. You have Clean things. We do not have. You have a clean bathroom. We do not have that. You have Parks and we do not have Parks. You have all the thing and we do not have all the thing. Can you help us (224)?† Kozol then presents facts about how physicians were removed from elementary schools. The author continues presenting conversations with people that he met. Jonathan Kozol’s essay shows how the school system today is in fact still divided and unequal according to somebody’s skin color or race even though the course of ‘Brown vs. Board of Education’ allegedly resolved this. Prev Page

Corporate Social Responsibility In Multinational Corporations Commerce Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility In Multinational Corporations Commerce Essay The inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) has the ability to play an important role in the contributions to the development of local economy of a developing country. Such role includes capacity building, employment opportunities and the transfer of technology (Ite, 2004). Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept that has created global awareness. Its popularity arouse as a result of globalization and information technology. According to the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD): CSR is the continuing commitment by business to behaving ethically and contributing to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their family as well as of the community and society at large while (Frederick, 1994) sees it as an obligation of business to contribute to social welfare beyond their role of producing goods and providing services. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) therefore has a major role to play through CSR initiatives, focusing on the development of a developing economy such as Nigeria. However, for many MNCs, CSR is an outcome of public pressure arising from their operations in developing countries in relation to human right, environmental pollution and labour issues. In other words, it has generally being a pragmatic response to consumer and civil society pressures (Raynard Forstater, 2002). This proposal seeks to focus on CSR practices and understanding how CSR theories relates to its practices by MNCs in Nigeria using Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) as an example. Various researches that have been carried out focused on the activities of the MNCs and they have revealed that there was a mounting evidence of gap between the stated intention of business leaders and their actual behaviour and impact in the real world'(Frynas, 2005). Little has been researched on how CSR theories relates to its practices by MNCs such as Shell in Nigeria. Nigeria was chosen because it is the most populous black nation in the continent and the largest producer of oil in sub Saharan Africa. The question this project seeks to ask is, how far is Shell Petroleum Development Company improving on the social welfare in Nigeria? In other words were they able to practice CSR. LITERATURE REVIEW. The literature on CSR has produced much definition over the decade since its emergence on the business scene (Carroll, 2004). The concept CSR has evoked lots of debate among scholars. It is sometimes referred to as business virtue or social responsibilities. It means different things to different people. To some, it means the idea of legal responsibility or obligation and to others it means social responsible behaviour which is sometimes seen as a charitable contribution to the society. According to the foremost scholar of CSR Carroll (1983) CSR involves the conduct of a business so that it is economically profitable, law abiding, ethical and socially supportive. The commission of European communities defined CSR as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in the business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholder in a voluntary basis. As good as the notion of CSR may seem there are different views by different scholars as to what constitute CSR. According to parsons (1961) CSR theory is rooted in four aspects of hypothesis It can be observed in any social system. It adapts to its environment i.e. its relation to resources Goal attainment i.e. its relation to politics Social integration and pattern maintenance i.e. its relation to culture and values. From these hypotheses aforementioned, CSR theory was then classified into four groups Instrumental theory- here it is assumed that corporation is an instrument for wealth creation. According to friedman (1970), the only responsibility of business towards society is the maximisation of profits to the shareholders within the legal framework and the ethical custom of the country. Any organisation that adopt CSR initiative will always have to answer the question to whom are we responsible? the answer to this question is usually to the stakeholder. Stakeholders here include the employees, customers, shareholders, staff in the supply chain and the community living in vicinity where the company is located. Political theory here the social power of corporation is specifically emphasized in its relationship with the society and its duty in the political environment. Davis (1960) introduced business power in the CSR debate. He proposed that business is a social institution that must use its power responsibly. In his own words whoever does not use his social power responsibly will lose its position in the society. Integrative theories it is considered that business ought to integrate social demand. Social demand implies the way in which society relates with business through certain legitimacy and prestige. This goes further to explain that business depends on society for its continuity and existence. Ethical theory firm ought to accept social responsibility as an ethical obligation above any other consideration. Donaldson and Dunfee (1999) proposed the integrated social contract theory. This theory was meant to guide managers to make decision in an ethical way in other words, to get involved with the society. To cynics, CSR is antithetical to sound business practice and serves to weaken its focus on wealth creation ( Clement-Jones,2005; Murray, 2005). Advocates however characterises CSR as necessary for successful business operations and as a gateway for business to look beyond wealth creation and also take into consideration the social welfare of the society in which they operate (Jackson Nelson, 2004; Rudolph 2005). In other words, businesses that are socially responsible can help to solve crucial environmental and social problems. Some studies consider CSR to involve ethical responsibility while philanthropic responsibility is seen as an add on ( Longo et al 2005). Other studies have made discrepancy between CSR as simple legal compliance and CSR as carrying out business operations with high regards to morality (Juholin, 2004). Henderson (2001), attempt to show that CSR distorts the market by distracting business from its primary role of wealth creation. These different views by schol ars have led to confusion as to what CSR practices really entail. Based on the fact that little has been discussed on how CSR practice fit or does not fit with CSR theories, my main project will involve critical analysis of CSR theory and how it relates to its practices by Shell in Nigeria. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE AND RESEARCH QUESTION The central objective of this research is To develop a better understanding of CSR theories and practices. To investigate on the CSR policies of Shell Petroleum Development company and how it relates to the CSR theories. To investigate the effect of their CSR activities in Nigeria. These objectives will be looked into in order to ascertain if Shell really practiced their CSR policies and to what extent does the policy create effect in the community which they operate. Therefore my research question will be to what extent is Shell improving on the social welfare in Nigeria? RESEARCH DESIGN The research strategy that will be adopted for this research will be a case study approach. A case study approach is a single unit of analysis such as a company, an event or group of events. In this case a company i.e. Shell Petroleum Development Company will be used. The case study type is exploratory as well as explanatory in nature. It involves gathering detailed information about the company over a period of time with a view to obtain an in-depth knowledge (Collis et al 2003). A qualitative approach will be adopted for this research because it is designed to study social and cultural phenomena. It will be aimed at conducting an in depth analysis of how Shell practiced Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria. Questionnaires will be used as an instrument for this research. These questionnaires will be administered to the host community where Shell is operating because it is assumed that the community understands the subject matter that is been analysed. The sample size of this research will be classified according to age, gender, academic qualification and the number of years of residency within the community. Simple Random Sampling Techniques will be used to administer the questionnaires to the member of the host community because it gives each member of the population an equal chance of being chosen and it also guarantee that the sample was a representative of the entire population (Saunders et al 2007) DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data would be collected using questionnaires. Through face to face interaction, the respondents would be gathered at a particular place and instruction would be given to them as to how to fill out the questionnaires. I intend to give out 150 questionnaires. The data that would be collected will include the age, gender, education qualification and the number of years of residency within the community. Secondary data would also be collected from sources like industry journal and other relevant published and unpublished articles. Descriptive method of data analysis would be used to analyse the responses from the questionnaires collected. This method includes the use of charts and tables to describe the data generated. LIMITATIONS Constraint to finance will be one of my major limitations for this research because it will entail me to travel to the Niger Delta region in Nigeria which is the region where Shell operates. Due to the fact that the questionnaires would be handed out by myself, some members of the community would want to be paid before they fill out the questionnaires.

Epithets in Othello :: Othello essays

Epithets in Othello An epithet is an adjective or adjective phrase that characterizes a person or thing. Epithets can often consist of abusive or contemptuous words such as those directed by the professionally offended Iago in Shakespeare's Othello. Iago refers to Othello with damning epithets to suggest the Moor as a lust driven animal that is violating the innocent Desdemona. For instance, he calls Othello, "an old black ram" who is "tupping" Brabantio's "white ewe"(Act I, Scene I: 90-91). He is referring to the fact that Othello is a Moor, or dark skinned man. Iago is also making the insinuation that Othello is, at this moment, copulating with Brabantio's innocent daughter, Desdemona. In addition, Iago warns Brabantio that if he does not rescue his daughter, the "devil" will make Brabantio a grandfather (Act I, Scene I: 93). Again, he is suggesting that Othello is demonic and comparable to a wild animal. He continues erupting insults shouting that a "Barbaray horse" is mounting D esdemona and that Brabantio's nephews will "neigh" and cousins will be "coursers," or strong horses (Act I, Scene I: 113-114). Yet again, Iago is suggesting that Othello is animal-like and that this quality will arise throughout Brabantio's family. It is important to note that in the play production Iago speaks such crude and obscene language while hiding behind several clustered poles below Brabantio's window. This gesture reveals Iago's attempt to remain an "honest man" in the eyes of the other characters while carrying out a plan of revenge. Although Iago's insults toward Othello appear to be racial, it does not make the entire play racist. Iago is so consumed by revenge against Othello, for passing him over for the promotion that he will say or do anything to attain his "peculiar end" (Act I, Scene I: 62).

Bill Gates And The Microsoft Corporation :: essays research papers

Bill Gates - you love him, you hate him, maybe you should get to know him. The founder of the Microsoft has a lot of admirers and we can tell that for sure just by looking at his fortune. There are however people who not only despise him, but dedicate entire web-sites to criticizing him and his company; if you are one of those people you can check out www.onmacon.com (access will not be granted if you use Microsoft Internet Explorer). Some have even gone as far as throwing pies in his face... It’s an irony that one of the world’s smartest people didn’t even finish college. In 1975 he dropped out of Harvard to form an informal partnership with Paul Allen, â€Å"Micro-soft†; they invested all their time in BASIC, the first computer language program written for a personal computer. It wasn’t until November 1976 that Microsoft became official, when it was registered at the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico, and only in 1977 did the partnership between Bill and Paul Allen become official. That’s also when they deliver their second language product, FORTRAN. In 1978, besides launching a third language, COBOL-80, Microsoft goes international by forming a strategic partnership with the founder of ASCII Corporation in Japan. The following year, the company also enters the European market and wins the ICP Million Dollar Award with the 8080 BASIC. This is an important indicative of the growth and acceptance of the PC industr y. Starting with the early 80s, Microsoft starts expanding the product range from languages to operating systems and its first hardware product, the SoftCard, designed for the Apple II users. The newly incorporated business signs a contract with IBM, the first version of MS-DOS being the primary result. Unfortunately, this operating system wasn’t a very good one, requiring its users a thorough knowledge of command syntax. The company moves into the realm of business with an electronic spreadsheet program, the Multiplan. Also at this time, the Microsoft Local Area Network (MILAN) becomes functional, linking all of Microsoft’s in-house development computers. 1983 is an important year toward the development of a more user-friendly computer. In May the mouse is introduced, in September the Word processing program and in November Windows is announced, an extension of the MS-DOS operating system that provides a graphical operating environment. Windows allows a user to view unrelated application programs simultaneously and it provides the capability to transfer data from one application program to another.

Sharing the Blame in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay examples -- Macbeth e

Sharing the Blame in Macbeth    The great Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth is a tale about a Scottish Thane, Macbeth, who, seemingly according to a prophecy of witches, becomes Thane of Cawdor, and King. And because Macbeth has gained his throne through deceit and treacherous ways, he loses it. The blame for the downfall of Macbeth lies with Macbeth himself, Lady Macbeth and the witches. Enter the first act, second scene. We see good King Duncan and his Thanes, talk about the outcome of a war well won. All the men seem to praise good Macbeth. A first impression is made that Macbeth is a good man, not a treacherous one. "For brave Macbeth - well he deserves that name -" 1:2, 16 He receives the praise of his peers, and is well respected. What could turn a man like this to villainous ways? Only his own ambition, his own pride could have drawn him down the whole dark path. But something, or someone, must have egged him on. "FIRST WITCH All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! SECOND WITCH All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! THIRD WITCH All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter!" 1:3, 57-59 Here we receive the prophecy of the Three Witches. Hailing Macbeth Thane of Glamis is nothing new. Macbeth is already Thane of Glamis. Macbeth has not yet heard of the treachery of the Thane of Cawdor, how he betrayed the Scottish folk (as stated earlier in the Act), and thus does not expect to be hailed Thane of Cawdor. Hailing Macbeth as king, is a totally different thing. How could he be king? They already had one, to speak of him replacing the king was to commit the highest treason in the kingdom. And yet the witches spoke the prophecy. At first Macbeth does not b... ...hcock, 1987. Curry, Walter. Shakespeare s Philosophical Patterns. London: Mass Peter   Smith, 1968. Epstein, Norrie, The Friendly Shakepeare, New York, Viking Publishing, 1993. Harbage, Alfred, Macbeth, Middlesex England, Penguin Publishing, 1956. Magill, Masterplots- Volume 6, New Jersey, Salem Press, 1949. Schlegel, August Wilhelm.   Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies . A Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature. London: AMS Press, Inc., 1965.  Ã‚   Shakespeare, William.   Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York: Washington Press, 1992.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staunten, Howard, The Complet Illustrated Shakespeare, New York, Park Lane Publishing, 1979.   T.W. Shakespeare, the Critical Heritage. Vol. 5. London: Routledge & Kegan  Ã‚   Paul, 1979.  Ã‚   Wills, Gary. Witches & Jesuits. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Genetically Modified Food Speech Essay

Attention Material :How awesome would it be if your pet glowed in the dark? Or your family had a zebra-dog? How about a family dog that could take out the entire neighborhood in one lick? Now how about owning this dairy cow? Looks normal but its not. All these animals have been genetically modified and their genes have been altered. The cow is injected with a growth hormone rBGH to increase it’s milk production, only problem, that hormone has been found to cause different types of cancers as well as a number of other health hazards. This hormone has been banned in Canada and Europe but sadly in American this hormone linked to 3-4x higher cancer rates was approved by the FDA in 1993 after the consumer tested it for 90 days on 30 rats. Today, we are seeing the long-term affects of drinking this potent milk. Before the genetically modified food explosion only 1:11 individuals had cancer, today 1:2 men and 1:3 woman will develop cancer and nearly half of you can expect it in your lifetime. Today 2/3rds of all foods in your local grocery store are GM and in 2013 it will have raised to 90%. The problem here is that GM foods are hardly ever tested before consumed, they have a number of associated health problems and they are not labeled so you cant pick to not eat them or not. Credibility Material: I have always been interested in GM organisms but a few years ago my professor at IU intreguied me with the effects of GM foods. Today, I’ve done countless hours of research on the subject and wrote many papers about it. Thesis Statement: Today I want to inform about GM foods Preview: Today I want to inform you about GM foods, what they are and why we should push for labeling of GM foods in our grocery. Transition: To begin, allow me to inform you about GM foods. BODY I. GM foods are everywhere but what are they? Are they good, bad, or okay? Should I eat them or should I not? A. Genetically Modified (GM) foods are food items that have had their DNA changed or altered entirely through genetic engineering creating completely different variants. 1. GM products include medicines and vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds and fibers. B. GM foods first appeared on the marked in 1990 C. Between 1997-1999 GM food ingredients suddenly appeared in 2/3rds of all U. S. processed foods 1. If you consumed soy sauce with Chinese, popcorn at movie or occasional candy bar you’ve undoubtfully consumed this new food. a. Nearly every American has eaten GM foods but only 26% believe they have. b. No labeling and no regulation 2. â€Å"Potentially, GM could breed new animal and plant diseases, news sources of caner and novel epidemics in human health†, Dr. Wald, Prof of Biology at Harvard University. Transistion: Now that we know what GM foods are, lets discuss the health concerns associated with them. II. There are extensive health hazards that have been shown to be caused by modified foods. A. Study done in 1999 showed GM foods have decreased levels of vital nutrients- esp. those that protect us from heart disease and cancer. B. Modified proteins exist in GM foods, new proteins never before eaten by humanity. 1. Foreign GM ingredients produce allergies a. 25% of Americans have mild adverse RXNs to foods and at lease 4% have life threatening allergies to food. b. Soy allergies have doubled since GM soy introduced. â€Å"c. No labeling of GMO in foods and people experience allergies they were unaware of-Anaphylatic shock 2. In last decade, percent of children in U. S. affected by serious food allergies has significantly increased. a. Today 6-8% children under 3 yrs old affected. C. As we ingest transgenic human/animal products there is no real the impact of human evolution. 1. Research mice show increase in birth defects and shorter life spans when feed GM soy. a. Mothers feed GM soy- nearly all babies died (10% died in control) b. Males developed changed testicle color. c. Infertility when feed GM corn. 2. Other animal studies indicate serious health risk associated with GM foods; fertility, immune problems, accelerated aging, insulin regression, changes in major organs and gastroninteitinal region. a. There are more than casual associations between GM foods and adverse health affects b. Confirmed in animal studies-consitancy and association between GM foods and disease 3. Number of autoimmune diseases are enhanced by foreign DNA fragments not fully digested in stomach and intestines a. DNA fragments are abundant in bloodstream. b. Potentially mix with normal DNA. Transition: Considering these factors about GM foods, let me explain why I think it is so very important that these GM crops be labeled. III. In other countries, GM crops are almost always labeled but in the U. S. no GM foods are labeled. A. Unlabeled GM foods can cause serious health problems for those with allergens to it. 1. Most people by a tomato and aren’t worried about their soy allergy but with GM foods and ingredients, soy genes can easily be placed or accidently cross pollunant 2. Many unlabeled GMO’s in our food are causing people to experience allergies they were unaware of- a. It’s possible that they can go into anaphylactic shock. b. DEATH. B. There are no regulated health safety tests. 1. FDA only requests that firms conduct their own test of new GM products a. FDA makes no reviews of those tests. b. No long term effects of eating GM foods. 2. Louis Pribly, an FDA microbiologist explains, â€Å"Companies tailor tests to get the results they need. † C. Why labeling and what you can do. 1. Choose hormone-free beef and rBGH-free Dairy products a. Foods that carry â€Å"USDA-certified organic† label contain no artifical hormones. 2. Lack of labeling of GM foods violates the 1st Amendment of the Constitution, â€Å"Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires added substances to be labeled. † a. Without labels, our public health agencies are powerless to trace problems of any kind back to their original source b. Crisis? c. Why do you think labeling hasn’t occurred yet? Because, the manufacters of GM crops would lose buisness. Would you buy GM foods if you had a choice? Probably not. CONCLUSION Summary Statement:In conclusion, I hope that everyone gained some knowledge towards the effects of genetically modified foods and why it needs to be taken more seriously when involving peoples health. Concluding Statement:â€Å"Its like playing Russian roulette (referring to the lack of testing done on GM foods) with public health, We have became involuntarily guinea pigs in vast genetic experiences,† Louis Pribyl, FDA microbiologist. Be a Voice, Sign a petition for GMO’s labeled in our foods, get the knowledge & protect your future generations. Sign The World Science open letter to all governments calling for GMO’s to be properly labeled in our foods. Who wants to become sick from food they eat? We have the right as Americans to know what is put in our food. Don’t We? Work Cited Works Cited Admin. (2010, Apr 29). GM. org. Retrieved Feb 24, 2011, from Genetically Modified Foods: http://www. gm. org/category/gm-foods/ Batalion, N. (n. d. ). Genetically Modified Food. Retrieved Feb 22, 2011, from Raw-Wisdom. com: http://www. raw-wisdom. com/50harmful. Boston University College of Engineering. (2010, Feb. 12). Low Levels of Antibiotics Cause Multidrug Resistace in ‘Superbugs’. Retrieved Dec. 5, 2010, from Science Daily: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/02/100211151647. htm GMO Dangers. (2010). Retrieved Feb 24, 2011, from Institute For Responsible Technology: http://www. responsibletechnology. org/ The National Agricultural Library. (n. d. ). (USDA) Retrieved Feb 22, 2011, from United States Department of Agriculture: http://www. nal. usda. gov/.

Ap Bio Lab One: Osmosis and Diffusion

Meghann Kiphart AP Biology Lab Report Number One Mrs. Irvine Introduction: Because all molecules have kinetic energy and are constantly in motion cells go through a process called diffusion. Diffusion is the movement if molecules from an area of higher concentration to and area of lower concentration. This process with continue to occur until an equilibrium is reached. Osmosis is a different and unique kind of diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a permeable membrane. The phrase â€Å"permeable membrane† means that the membrane will only allow specific molecules through such a water or oxygen.In Osmosis water will travel from an area of higher water potential or an area of lower water potential. Hypothesis: I think that in this lab, osmosis and diffusion will occur between the solutions of different concentrations until a equilibrium is reached and there is no movement of water. Materials: EXERCISE 1A: Diffusion The materials include a 30-cm piece of 2. 5-cm di alysis tubing, 15-mL of the 15% glucose/1% starch solution, 250-mL beaker, distilled water, 4-mL Lugol’s solution, and string. EXERCISE 1B: Osmosis The materials used include 25-mL of these solutions: distilled water, 0. M sucrose, 0. 4M sucrose, 0. 6M sucrose, 0. 8M sucrose, and 1. 0M sucrose, scissors, string, a balance, six 250-mL cups, and six 30cm strips of dialysis tubing. EXERCISE 1C: Water Potential The materials that were used included 50mL of distilled water, 0. 2M sucrose, 0. 4M sucrose, 0. 6M sucrose, 0. 8M sucrose, and 1. 0M sucrose, six 250mL cups with lids, 4 potato cores for each cup, a balance, and paper towel. EXERCISE 1D: Calculation of Water Potential from Experimental Data This exercise required a calculator and a pencil. Procedure: EXERCISE 1A:Soak the dialysis tubing in water before you start the experiment. Tie off one end of the tubing to form a bag like structure. Through the open end of the bad, place the starch solution in to the bag. Tie off the o ther end of the bag to secure the substance inside. Make sure to record the color of the solution in Table 1. 1. Next you’re going to text the starch solution for the presence of glucose. Record the results in Table 1. 1. Fill a 250ml cup about 2/3 of the way full with distilled water. Add 4ml of Lugol’s solution into the distilled water. Record the color of the solution in the Table 1. . Put the bag in the cup full of the solution. Allow the bag and cup to stand over night. The next day record the final color of the solution in Table 1. 1. Finally test the liquid in the cup and in the bag for the presence of glucose. Record the final results in Table 1. 1. EXERCISE 1B: Get six strips of presoaked dialysis tubing and create a bag like was shown in exercise 1A. Pour 25mL of the six solutions into each of the six bags. Tie off the other end of the bags. Rinse each bag gently with distilled water and dry the outside of the bag with a paper towel.Weigh each bag and record the results in Table 1. 2. Put each of the six bags into the cups with the six different solutions. Let stand over night. The next day remove the bags from the water and carefully dry the bags with paper towel. Weigh each bag and record them in Table 1. 2. Gather the other lab group’s data to be able to complete Table 1. 3. EXERCISE 1C: Pour 50mL of the solutions into a labeled 250mL cups. Using a cork borer, cut the potato into 24 cylinders. (4 potato cores x 6 cups = 24 potato cores altogether) weigh the mass of each set of 4 potato cores.Record the data in Table 1. 4. Put 4 potato cores into each solution cup. Cover the cup with a lid to prevent evaporation. Let stand overnight. Remove cores from the cup and dry them with a paper towel. Then determine there combined weigh in groups of 4 (from the same cup). Record the results in Table 1. 4. Calculate the percentages changes in mass. Collect the class data and determine the class change in mass. EXPERIMENT 1D: Determine the solute, pressure, and the water potential of the sucrose solution. Then, graph the information that is given about the zucchini cores. Questions:EXPERIMENT 1A: 1. Which substances are entering the bag and which are leaving the bag? What evidence supports the answer? Distilled water and IKI are leaving and entering. Glucose is able to leave the bag. 2. Explain the results that were obtained. Include the concentration differences and membrane pore size in the discussion. Glucose and small molecules were able to move through the pores. Water and IKI moved from high to low concentration. 3. How could this experiment be modified so that quantitative data could be collected to show that water diffused into the dialysis bag?You could mass the bag before and after it is placed into the solution. 4. Based on your observations, rank the following by relative size, beginning with the smallest: glucose molecules, water molecules, IKI molecules, membrane pores, and starch molecules. Water molec ules, IKI molecules, Glucose molecules, membrane pores, and starch molecules. 5. what results would you expect if the experiment started with a glucose and IKI solution inside the bag and only starch and water outside? The glucose and IKI would move out of the bag and turn the starch and water solution purple/ blue.The starch couldn’t move inside the bag because its molecules are too big to pass through the membrane of the tubing. EXERCISE 1B: 1. Explain the relationship between the change in mass and the molarity of sucrose within the dialysis bags. The solute in hypertonic and water will move into the bag. As the molarity increases the water moves into the bag. 2. Predict what would happen to the mass of each bag in the experiment of all the bags were places in a 0. 4M sucrose solution instead of distilled water. With the 0. 2M bag, the water would move out. With the 0. M bag, there will be no net movement of water because the solutions reach equilibrium. With the 0. 6M-1. 0M bags the water would move into the bags. 3. Why did you calculate the percent change in mass rather then simply using the change in mass? This was calculated because each group began with different initial masses and we would have different data. All the groups need consistent data. 4. A dialysis bag is filled with distilled water and then places in a sucrose solution. The bag’s initial mass is 20g and its final mass is 18g. Calculate the percent change of mass, showing your calculations. 18-20)/20) x 100 = 10% 5. The sucrose solution in the cup would have been hypotonic to the distilled water in the bag. EXPERIMENT 1D 1. If the potato core is allowed to dehydrate by sitting in the open air, would the water potential of the potato cells decrease or increase? Why? It would decrease because the water would leave the cells and cause the water potential to go down. 2. If a plant cell has a lower water potential then its surrounding environment and if pressure is equal to zero, is the cell hypertonic or hypotonic to its environment?Will the cell gain water or lose water? It is hypotonic and it will gain water. 3. The cup is open to the atmosphere, what is the pressure potential of the system? The pressure potential is zero. 4. Where is the greatest water potential? In the dialysis bag. 5. Water will diffuse out of the bag. Why? It is because the water moves from the area of high water potential to an area of lower water potential. 6. What effect does adding solute have on the solute potential component of the solution? Why? It makes it more negative 7.Consider what would happen to a red blood sell placed in distilled water: A) which would have the higher concentration of water molecules? Distilled Water B) which would have the higher water potential? Distilled Water C) what would happen to the red blood cell? Why? It would leak, because it would take to much water. Conclusion: In Exercise 1A the data collected helped tell which molecules can and can not m ove across a cell membrane. IKI, we know because of its color change, was able to move across a membrane. Starch, although, is too large to move across a membrane.Glucose was able to move freely, along with the water, across the cell membrane. In 1B, it was proven that water moves faster across the cell membrane then sucrose. The water moved to help reach equilibrium between the 2 solutions. The sucrose molecules are too big to move across the membrane as fast as water can. In experiment 1C showed that the potatoes contained sucrose. The sucrose in the potato raised the solute potential, which lowered the water potential. The cup of distilled water had a high water potential water moves down the concentration gradient, causing the potato cores to take on water.

Technology in Schools Essay

While some may argue that technology can decrease the engagement of the students and â€Å"may seriously mess up children's informational metabolism† (Source C), if used in the right environment and context, technology can, in fact, engage students even more. When used in an educational way, a laptop or tablet can be exactly what a student needs to get their undivided attention. Kids already live in a day and age where the internet and its mountains of information are available at the touch of a finger.When they go to school and are forced to use traditional dictionaries and encyclopedias, it's like being reinserted back to the Stone Age. Why not build 2 that Empire High School in Arizona is making â€Å"the laptops the key ingredient of the cake†. By adjusting school to the student's needs, you can make them more engaged. Some critics of this technology claim that the internet is a scary place that â€Å"it's also full of lies, garbage, and pornography so revolting yo u can't even describe. † (Source E). Haven't you ever heard of web filters? Apparently not.However, despite their doubts, there are many ways to ensure that the students are kept on track and stay away from these oh-so Cary websites. Besides, its not like this is a new problem; most schools have computers readily available for their students to use and have already solved this problem through previously stated methods. At this point there's no arguing that technology would only serve to increase the engagement Of the students in the classroom, not hinder it. Another aspect to consider is whether or not the technology will increase the ease of learning in the classroom.By allowing students to access the internet to communicate with the teacher and other students, you make the learning process easier. Many schools are allowing students to post assignments online â€Å"so other students can easily read and critique them† (Source B). In a way, switching to technology is lik e switching to a different tool. Let's say a farmer plants crops using the same tools his family has used for generations. When a new cheaper and more efficient tool comes out it would be irrational for the farmer to continue using his old tools for the sake of tradition.By switching to technology we are changing a task that was once done using pencil and paper, but â€Å"today belongs to the zeroes and ones† source D). Despite the facts, some people are still skeptical and question if this new technology will affect the children's ability to learn. Writer Esther Tyson asks if the children â€Å"will†¦ Be able to discern cause and effect, put together a coherent story line, think scientifically, [or] read a book with a single 3 argument rather than a set of essays? † (Source C). This argument is falsified due to the fact that a child's ability to learn isn't solely dependent On the tools they use to do so.This same situation occurred years ago when schools Egan to first put computers into the classrooms and libraries of schools. These new computers would not be able to determine whether or not one student is better than another. If a student is smart and a hard worker, the different technologies they use to do their work won't change those characteristics about them; it will only allow them to do what they do faster. While some cases might deter the learning process, its obvious that when considering the simplicity of learning in the classroom, technology is the way to go.The last thing to consider when switching to technology is how it will affect he relationship between the teacher and the student. By becoming more technologically capable, the teacher is able to bridge the generation gap that once separated the old and the new. For many years there has been a struggle for teachers to feel on the same level as their students and be able to understand what they need in order to learn. With technology, they can become closer to their students and perhaps be able to bond with those that once thought of their teachers as nothing more than strangers.Also, it allows students and teachers to communicate outside the classroom through arums and blobs so that the student can get extra help and the teacher can understand what they need to work on. Through this process, â€Å"the educators are beginning to interact with students, parents, and each other in ways they never have before. † (Source B). Through technology, we can better connect students and teachers to make learning more enjoyable. As time goes on the technology that humans develop seems to get crazier and crazier. With motion sensing and AD devices, its almost unbelievable that our generation will live to see these things established.

Choice Or A Good Service Health And Social Care Essay

In England, the successful debut of public assistance mechanism after the Second World War has dramatically changed the political, economic and social landscape. This baronial and selfless project has seen the development of services aimed at assisting undertake some of the most of import issues confronting society ( e.g. wellness and safety, instruction, wellness, exigency services, and attention for the aged and handicapped ) . It has had genuinely singular success in presenting an effectual safety cyberspace for society. Although this paper will non be concentrating on the grounds for this, it is deserving observing that by the 1960 ‘ / 1970 ‘s, the pride that people took in the societal accomplishments of the public assistance province started declining. The success of capitalist economy and competition in the private sector was perceived as being in stark contrast to the inefficient and unresponsive populace sector. Consecutive authoritiess were besides progressively disquieted as to the fiscal deductions of the public assistance province and looking to increase efficiency and cut down cost. Similarly, the addition richness and consumerism of citizens raised outlooks in client service and promoted the position of the service user as a consumer instead than as a receiving system of public services ( see Lowe, 2005 ; Eichengreen, 2006 ; Sorensen, 2000 ) . It is the purpose of this paper to measure the cogency of the undermentioned statement: â€Å" Patients do non desire pick, they want a good local service † . The trouble in specifying pick means that this paper will do the sensible premise that patients want high quality attention, efficient usage of resources and equity. These premises reflect the fact that the NHS is funded out of public outgo and abides by the rule of â€Å" making the right thing for those who need aid † ( Secretary of State 2010 ) . This paper will ab initio look at the alterations in authorities policy to present an component of pick before pulling on grounds and instance survey illustrations to show that pick does non needfully hold to come at the disbursal of local services when measured against the standard ‘s of high quality attention, efficient usage of resources and equity. This paper will reason by saying that pick within a little and limited field is what patients wan and what is be st for the National Health Service.Historical Background on the development of Choice in HealthcareConsecutive authoritiess have made moves to open up greater pick for users of public services. Greener and Powell ( 2009 ) have traced these developments in health care and found that it was non until 1989, in the ‘Working for Patients ‘ White Paper ( Secretary of State for Health, 1989 ) and the debut of a ‘quasimarket ‘ into health care, that the thought of patient pick began to take on a meaningful function in the planning of health care. Initially patient pick would include more freedoms in taking their GP ( who so made picks about secondary attention on their behalf ) , pick over ‘time or topographic point of intervention ‘ and a ‘wider pick of repasts ‘ provided to patients ( Le Grand et al. , 1998 ) . However, as a direct consequence of the quarrelsomeness of the internal market thoughts, patient pick was hardly mentioned for much of the following decennary ( Wainwright, 1998 ) . The start of the twenty-first Century did non see any major new developments on pick. The NHS Plan ( Secretary of State for Health, 2000 ) merely reminded patients that they had ‘the right to take a GP ‘ , provided patients with new agencies of accessing wellness services which reflected technological advancement and improved client service through the right to intervention at a clip and infirmary of the patient ‘s pick if their scheduled operation was cancelled. It is non until the 2006 White Pap er â€Å" Our Health, Our Care, Our Say † ( Department of Health, 2006 ) that patient pick of a genuinely meaningful nature is proposed. For the first clip patients would be allowed to do determinations about where they should be treated: â€Å" In the NHS, patients now have more pick of the infirmary that they go to, with resources following their penchants † ( Department of Health, 2006 p.3 ) . The NHS Constitution ( 2010 ) has enshrined the rights of patient to exercise some pick in the health care they receive. These include the right to take a GP surgery, to province whichA GP you ‘d wish to see, to take which infirmary you ‘re treated at, and to have information to back up your picks. These rights are non nevertheless cosmopolitan ( exclusions for the military, captives and mental wellness sick persons ) and exclude certain services ( where speedy diagnosing and intervention is peculiarly of import, pregnancy services and mental wellness services. In the recent Health and Social Care Bill ( 2011 ) , the current Government are suggesting to manus commissioning power to GPs and opening up the NHS to increased competition in an attempt to better NHS public presentation. Choice is seen as critical to this attempt, as without pick they can non be true market based competition. Consumer pick, based on their penchants, would find companies come ining and go outing the market. It is hoped that quality would be the cardinal determiner in consumer pick. In the White Paper ‘Equity and Excellence: Emancipating the NHS ‘ , this accent on pick was reinforced and clarified as to intending that â€Å" ..patients and carers will hold far more clout and pick in the system ; and as a consequence, the NHS will go more antiphonal to their demands and wants † ( Secretary of State 2010 ) .. This historical reappraisal demonstrates the staccato and unstructured mode in which patient pick has evolved in England. This has seen Patient-GP relationships move from associational to transactional, alterations in who exercises pick as to secondary attention suppliers from cardinal contrivers to GPs to patients, every bit good increased information to assist people do picks. This historical reappraisal on the development of patient pick in authorities policy has led the writer to pull the undermentioned decision: patient pick is being advanced as a tool to better the NHS through a three pronged onslaught: Improve services through increased competition, Improve patients experience through better client service ( e.g. pick in repasts and in method of accessing attention ) , Improve wellness results for all people through more information taking to better picks. These findings correlate closely, but are non indistinguishable to the findings of Thorlby and Turner ( 2007 ) . Thorlby and Turner identified three chief aims that the authorities has put frontward as grounds for prosecuting increased patient pick which include bettering public presentation, making a service that matches peoples desire for pick and that pick increases equity and equity. These two proposed accounts for the pick docket run into the populace and patients outlooks of the NHS. Indeed studies on people ‘s outlooks of the NHS have noted a demand for increased efficiency, better patient experience and equity in entree to interventions across the state ( Dillon, 2010 ) . However, the cogency of the claims that pick is the reply to all of the NHS ailments has non been genuinely tried and it is deserving observing that the British Social Attitudes study has found strong assurance in the quality and reactivity of the NHS since it started appraising in 1991 ( Appleby and Phillips 2009 ) . Indeed, it is still contested whether patients really want healthcare picks at all ( Fotaki et al. , 2005 ) .Patient pick to better entreeSurveies of patients around the universe systematically identify entree as a cardinal concern of patients ( Grol et al, 1999 ; Davis et Al, 2007 ) . Problems of entree have long plagued the NHS. The NHS Plan asserted that ‘the pop ulace ‘s top concern about the NHS is waiting for intervention ‘ ( NHS Plan, 2000 P 101 ) . Access to healthcare is a cardinal constituent in run intoing the premises made in what patients want, notably high quality attention and in guaranting efficient usage of resources. Choice, as proposed through the right of patients to take where they receive diagnostic and secondary attention, is being promoted as the remedy to entree by leting competition between secondary attention suppliers. It is hoped that this competition, coupled with Payment by Results, will cut down waiting times and supply patients with options as to the clip and topographic point where they receive intervention. The London patient pick pilot survey ( 2005 ) was set up to analyze the consequence of pick at the point of referral. The consequences indicated a strong desire for pick. When patients waiting for cardiac surgery were offered the pick of traveling to another infirmary with a shorter waiting list, half of them opted to make so, sometimes going long distances. Similarly, a high proportion ( 67 % ) of patients in London expecting assorted elected surgical processs opted for options to their local infirmary when given the pick ( Coulter et al, 2005 ) . This survey would propose that patient pick is desirable and popular with patients. It besides achieves the purposes of cut downing waiting times and bettering entree. This sits good with authorities policy from 2005 to 2007, centred on spread outing the capacity in the system ( Cooper et al 2009 ) . However, it must be noted that in recent old ages, there has been a important lessening in waiting times for elected attention across the NHS. Between 1997 and 2007, waiting times for elected articulatio genus replacings, hip replacings, and cataract fixs dropped significantly. These consequences can non be explained by the development of patient pick. It is of import to factor in other events go oning in the NHS at the clip. There was significant additions in NHS support from ?76.4 billion in 2005/6 to ?96.4 billion by 2009, a scope of policy steps implemented including stiff authorities marks, every bit good as increased pick and competition. It can hence be moderately assumed that pick entirely was non responsible for the additions given the figure of reforms aimed at cut downing waiting times introduced between 1997 and 2007 are all likely to hold played a function together in shortening patients ‘ delaies ( Cooper et al 2009 ) . This statement dents the cogency of the claims made that patient pick is desirable, and more crucially desired by patients, on the evidences that it improves entree. What it does non make is confute that patient pick is non desirable to patients. Indeed, recent grounds confirms the feeling that most patients are acute on holding a pick, even if they choose to stay at their local infirmary ( Dixon et al, 2010 ) .Choice to advance equalityAs discussed earlier, the authorities has asserted that it will seek to better equity via the mechanism of patient pick, supplying the option to take to all patients where, antecedently, such options were unfastened merely to those who could afford to pay. Equity is besides one of the premises made as to what patients want when accessing health care. Evaluations of the pilot patient pick strategies ( such as the London Patient Choice Project ) found that entree to pick was just, with no inequalities â€Å" in entree to, or consumption of alternate infirmaries by societal category, educational attainment, income or cultural group ‘ † ( Coulter et al, 2005 ) . This would bespeak that patient pick is desirable for bring forthing equity within the NHS. Equity is after all one of the foundation pillars on which the NHS is built. However, when the pilot programmes were rolled out nationally, two of import differences in design have led to inquiries over whether equity is so happening as a consequence of pick. In the pilots, all patients were eligible for free travel and all were entitled to assist from a patient attention adviser: both were found to be of import facilitators of exerting pick. However, neither is compulsory in the execution of pick at the point of GP referral ( Thorlby and Turner, 2007 ) . A figure of surveies have besides shown that information may non yet be wholly successful in acquiring to patients. PCTs are responsible for doing certain that all patients have an equal chance to take, by supplying information and support to those who might otherwise fight to exert pick. Greener found that patients are frequently incognizant of available information beginnings sing attention picks ( Greener, 2005 ) , and the first patient information brochures offered little more than the handiness of transport links and the trust ‘s overall healthcare committee evaluation ( Easington Primary Care Trust, 2006 ) . In a study of PCTs, Thorlby and Turner ( 2007 ) concluded that while it is excessively early to state whether patient pick will present fairer results for patients, equalizing the chance to take is already turn outing disputing in the NHS. The statement that pick creates equity for patients is hard to confirm. The grounds suggests that direct pick may increase unfairness as it favours patients with entree to information and conveyance and unfairness will be magnified if patients in lower socio-economic groups have lower outlooks and less ability ( existent or perceived ) to cover with the picks available ( Bate and Robert, 2005 ) .ArgumentThere is a argument among bookmans as to where public assistance plans fit in modern, industrialised societies. The â€Å" irreversibility thesis † argues welfare plans have become lasting characteristics because their steady growing produces more and more components who benefit from the plans and strive maintain them in topographic point ( Mishra, 1990 ) . The current economic crisis has highlighted the demand for rationing in health care, as for the first clip in over a decennary ; the NHS is confronting stagnating budgets. The dramatic addition in disbursement on the wellness service, authorities precedence scene and the debut of competition and pick has delivered a figure of benefits but has non solved all the issues confronting the NHS. The underlying demand to ration services in a publically funded system is going more economically and politically ambitious ( Ham and Coulter, 2001 ) . An IPPR study found that most people expect entree to the latest drugs and interventions on the NHS, no affair what they cost or how effectual they are. Less than a 3rd of people think the NHS should take into history value for money considerations. Around one tierce ( 31 per cent ) think the NHS should supply ‘all drugs and interventions no affair what they cost ‘ ( Ranking and Allen, 2007 ) .A This would ruin the NHS really rapidly but reflects the ‘irreversibility thesis ‘ as proposed by Mishra. As this study clearly demonstrates, pick, on the future way of the NHS and its support, would take to a dislocation in rationing. The Oregon Health Plan ( OHP ) is an illustration of where pick in rationing determinations, although ideally desirable, has failed due to political concessionsA and provides no evidenceA for the given that a working system of medical serviceA prioritisation can be implemented on the footing of patient and public pick ( Klein, 1992 ) . True competition enabled through patient pick would ultimetly take to alterations in the local wellness economic system and efficiency additions. This could see the closing of unpopular infirmaries and intervention Centres. However, T.H. Marshall ( 1964 ) argues that public assistance provinces are based on societal rights, and this class of rights has been embraced by western societies with the same energy as civil and political rights. Patient pick can be viewed as the merger of societal rights ( entree to attention ) , consumer rights and civil rights ( single autonomies ) . Therefore, there will be really hard determinations to be made as a consequence of pick. Will neglecting infirmaries receive excess support to better or will they be closed? What if these infirmaries are to a great extent invested in merely to neglect subsequently? Will people object to local infirmary closings and the violation this causes on their societal rights? The political nature of infirmary closings a lready has an impact on local wellnesss economic systems. For case, clear grounds for this exists that demonstrates politically fringy constituency bask a greater figure of infirmaries than politically safe seats ( Bloom et al 2010 ) . Clinicians have besides accussed curates of assuring more than can be delivered and raising peoples outlooks ( Ham and Alberti 2002 ) .DecisionThis paper has demonstrated that patients want good, accessible services near to place, with wellness professionals they know and trust. Patients besides want a grade of flexibleness and pick when accessing health care, but this pick is limited to when, on occasion where ( if waiting times are significantly lower ) and what sort of intervention they would wish to have. This system is non merely good for patients, it is besides good for the wellness service as a whole. The increased capacity that pick allows for patients besides increases efficiency for the wellness service suppliers and pick in intervention lea ds to better wellness results for patients. There are a figure of restricting factors including geographical location and easiness of transit that prevent limitless pick and therefore competition. As all patients expect the intervention they receive on the NHS to be of the highest quality available and available to all ( equity ) , it is surprising to see pick being proposed as anything more than the basic pick described here. It is rather clear from the grounds presented that patients want limited ( suiting ) pick within a good local service. This outlook, possibly unluckily, means that patients can non be involved in existent and limitless pick as rationing determinations are tough and unpopular. It is for this ground, coupled with the predictable consequence that full competition will hold on infirmaries closings, that decision-making is volitionally passed on to elected politicians and civil retainers.

A knowledge base for Accredited Green Buildings around the world Dissertation

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Effectiveness of reminders in increasing compliance to SBGM - Essay Example According to the research various studies have been carried out on the impact of self reminders and the use of SMBG in the monitoring of diabetes. In a paper by Karter, et.al., the authors sought to assess the impact of self-monitoring blood glucose levels in improving blood sugar levels. Their study was carried out as a cohort design which was applied in order to detect the relation between self-monitoring frequency and the first glycosylated hemoglobin level in 1997. The authors were able to establish clear results which indicated that the use of self-monitoring blood glucose tests was also associated with lower HbA1c levels. All in all, the study revealed that with more frequent SMBG processes applied, it was possible to achieve lower glucose levels and therefore better outcomes for patients with diabetes. In yet another study by Karter and colleagues, the authors set out to establish the various barriers in the application of SMBG. Their study was a cross-sectional study which so ught to evaluate SMBG use and its barriers in about 44,000 diabetic patients who were being treated in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region. The authors were able to establish that 60% of type 1 diabetic patients and 67% type 2 diabetic patients indicated a lesser frequency in their SMBG. Most of the reasons for their failure to carry out their SMBG included the following: longer time since diagnosis, male sex, age, ethnic minority, lower education, lower income, non-English speaking, high cost of glucometer strips, smoking, and excessive smoking. In effect, the authors were able to highlight that there were significant gaps in the actual and recommended SMBG practices in the organization covered with the dominant elements relating to ethnicity and language barriers being strong determinants of SMBG compliance. Moreover, low income also seems to impact the use of SMBG with the affordability of these strips put to issue (Karter, et.al., 2000). Despite studies proving that patients’ improved blood glucose levels with SMBG, various studies reveal that there is a lack of compliance with home blood glucose monitoring. Burge (2001) discusses that about 67% of patients with diabetes fail to routinely evaluate their blood glucose and they have various reasons for such failure. These reasons include: pain and soreness, wide variation in the recommended frequency of blood sugar monitoring, and the perception that home SMBG is less recommended in their care. The study by Burge (2001) sought to study current

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